Category: Forex Trading

Experience has proven that without controls, a sudden reversal of capital flows can destroy an economy and result in increased poverty for a nation. Liberalization of a country’s capital account may signal a shift toward more open economic policy. Italy currently has the largest capital account, with a surplus of $17.22 billion. The countries following Italy are Spain, France, Romania, and the Czech Republic. They could also be tied to the business, professional, or technical services accounts in the trade portion of the current account.

Capital Accounts in Accounting

They typically amount to a very small amount in comparison to loans and flows into and out of short-term bank accounts. The above definition is the one most widely used in economic literature,[10] in the financial press, by corporate and government analysts (except when they are reporting to the IMF), and by the World Bank. In contrast, what the rest of the world calls the capital account is labelled the “financial account” by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). The largest type of transfer between nations is typically foreign aid, but that is mostly recorded in the current account. An exception is debt forgiveness, which in a sense is the transfer of ownership of an asset.

Not only did stock market activity suffer, but foreign reserves were depleted, local currencies depreciated, and financial crises resulted. If the capital and financial accounts are negative, the country has a net financial outflow. It has more claims than it does liabilities, either because of an increase in claims by the economy abroad or a reduction in liabilities from foreign economies. Flows in and out of the capital account represent changes in asset value through investments, loans, banking balances, and real property value.

How the Capital Account Is Part of the Balance of Payments

If it’s a direct investment, it’s recorded as a debit in the capital account. A capital account in accounting refers to the financial assets that a company is able to spend in a given period. An equity account is the portion that shareholders would receive in a liquidation event—when a company’s assets are sold and its debts are paid off.

Which Country Has the Largest Capital Account?

We can derive the amount of capital by reducing the number of liabilities from the number of assets reflected on the balance sheet of any business. However, it is represented as owner’s equity for a sole proprietorship or the entity’s net worth as on a particular day. In  case of a public limited company, it is the amount of funds contributed by investors whereas for a private limited company, it shows the fund given by each member. Another benefit, according to some, is that a country’s domestic political and macroeconomic policies can take on a more progressive stance.

1. A country that has a current accounts deficit necessarily has a capital accounts surplus and vice versa.
2. While drawings would reduce the capital balance, the profit appropriation to partners would increase their capital account components.
3. They typically amount to a very small amount in comparison to loans and flows into and out of short-term bank accounts.
4. An exception is debt forgiveness, which in a sense is the transfer of ownership of an asset.
5. All of the accounts have a natural credit balance except for treasury stock, which has a natural debit balance.

These transactions are categorized by the current account, the capital account, and the financial account. However, when an economy has positive capital and financial accounts it has a net financial inflow. The country’s debits are more than its credits due to an increase in liabilities to other economies or a reduction of claims in other countries. Capital transferred out of a country for the purpose of investing in a foreign country is recorded as a debit in either of these two accounts. Specifically, if it’s a portfolio investment, it’s recorded as a debit in the financial account.

The Financial Account

If the sub-account for the domestic ownership of foreign assets increases, the overall financial account increases. If the sub-account for the foreign ownership of domestic assets increases, the overall financial account decreases. Thus, the overall financial account increases when the foreign ownership of domestic assets sub-account decreases. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis records and provides information to the public about the current account, capital account, and financial account balances.

Because the balance of payments must always be balanced, countries that run large trade deficits (current account deficits), xm group review like the United States, must, by definition, also run large capital account surpluses. This means more capital flows into the country than goes out, caused by increased foreign ownership of domestic assets. Like all other forms of financial accounting, the balance of payments always has the same value as debits and credits. A country that has a current accounts deficit necessarily has a capital accounts surplus and vice versa.

An example is a foreigner’s purchase of a U.S. copyright to a song, book, or film. The Federal Reserve calls these transactions non-produced, nonfinancial assets. A country with a large trade surplus exports capital and runs a capital account deficit, meaning money flows out of the country in exchange for increased ownership of foreign assets. For example, China’s merchandise trade surplus had reached an all-time high of nearly $890 billion in 2022. The capital account is a record of the inflows and outflows of capital that directly affect a nation’s foreign assets and liabilities.

The capital account is important in that it makes a record of transactions that aren’t currently generating an income. Additional paid-in capital is the amount shareholders have paid into the company in excess of the stock’s par value. Retained earnings are the cumulative earnings of the company over time, minus dividends paid out to shareholders, that have been reinvested in the company’s ongoing business operations.

If they produce investment income, they are transferred to the financial account. If they produce income from goods or services, they are transferred to the current account. As seen in the above balance sheet extracts, this company’s account is reflected as “Equity” in the balance sheet. The total equity includes different equity components, such as share capital, share premium, retained earnings, and so on. Asian economies were responsible for their short-term liabilities (debits in the current account) as securities were sold off before capital gains could be reaped.

The current account, the capital account, and the financial account make up a country’s BOP. Together, these three accounts tell a story about a country’s economy, economic outlook, and strategies for achieving its desired goals. In international macroeconomics, the capital account is part of the balance of payments, tracking the flow of capital in and out of a country. It records changes in ownership of assets, including foreign investments, loans, and the transfer of financial assets. The capital account is important to track because it provides valuable insights into a country’s economic health and interactions with the global economy. Capital controls are measures imposed by a state’s government aimed at managing capital account transactions.

This is done so that the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) reports are not affected by them. The balance of payment records the transactions between one country’s people and companies with that of the rest of the world. The balance of payment is made up of a country’s capital account and current account. A surplus in the capital account means there is an inflow of money into the country, while a deficit indicates money moving out of the country.

It is concerned with all international trade transactions between citizens of one country and those in other countries. A large volume of imports and exports, for example, may indicate an open economy that supports free trade. Common forms of capital account transactions include foreign direct investment or loans from foreign governments. The vast majority of bdswiss review global capital account transfers take place between the world’s wealthiest businesses, banks, and governments. As mentioned above, the capital account is one piece of the balance of payments system. Once a capital account transaction begins to generate any type of income, it must be moved to one of the other two pieces within the system.

The list of assets includes shares, indices, crypto, commodities and foreign currency, and that’s about it. The users who use it claim it’s a very good broker with responsive teams of support and clean reputation. But the wider community tends to disagree – there’s a lot of points that simply can’t help but attract criticism. While LexaTrade is equipped with impressive advantages, it still faces negative reviews.

The most interesting about this platform is its automated trading option, completely providing high efficacy and larger margin of profitability for its traders. There are many other brokers that allow you to trade in all sorts of assets without confining you so harshly. It’s true that low spreads and good general performance do compensate for these limitations a bit, but you can only really trade here if you can trust the broker. So, Lexatrade is a minor Forex broker with a moderate amount of regular users.

That’s one of the main reasons why there are so many good reviews. The impartial user reviews from the dedicated aggregators can tell you precisely what to watch out for and what to aim for on any exchange. The foreign exchange market, or Forex, or simply FX has been growing in both interest and size in North America since the last decade.

After going through successful evaluation, clients are given their login information and may already start live trading. Lexatrade is registered on the New Grenadines – a very popular off-shore location, especially for brokers. Being registered in the tax-free location also means your company won’t be regulated by the trusted financial establishments. So, Lexatrade is either not controlled by any institutions at all or has only a token regulation. If you look at Lexatrade as a provider of services, it doesn’t look all that impressive.

AAFX Trading

This may be from the company’s financial malpractice or maybe from competitors’ interest to drag LexaTrade down. Regardless, we still have to consider the legal documentation presented in its official site. With license from IFMRRC, clients are ensured that all operations are legally binding and conducted under legitimate terms. Similar to other brokerage firms, LexaTrade has its own set of benefits and setbacks. Below are some of the perks that clients will surely enjoy.

It’s pretty comfortable to work here, barring all the treatment the lower account types have to put up with. Yet still, there are many exchanges and brokers that give you just as comfortable an experience without making you pay extra. And speaking of tighter spreads, they really are low on this platform. It’s true, they differ from pair to pair and from account type to account type, but even so they are mostly very tight, especially in relation to other similar exchanges and brokers.

The best forex brokers in canada

Regulations are compulsory as they prevent scams and fraudulent actions from occurring. Most of Canada’s Forex brokers have regulations authorized by the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada . This comprises all provinces and regulatory bodies from Canada.

So, unless you deposit at least 3 grand, you’re stuck with the basest of basics of trading. Furthemore, you also get worse treatment than the guys who put more money into their Lexatrade wallets. Canada’s booming economy and infrastructure have only but resulted in online trading businesses and Forex brokers flourishing and accessible to the public.

Lexatrade has quite a few impartial reviews, but it’s important to remember that it’s also a fairly small broker, at least compared to the established leaders in the industry. It allows Lexa to do their own thing without bearing too much responsibility on their shoulders. Lexatrade is an interesting choice for a trading platform. They have some very interesting ideas and offers, but it’s also understandable why so many people are pushed away from this broker. “I have been working with this LexaTrade broker for six months now.

They have their own Web trading system, as well as a trading app. Many brokers have their own in-built exchanges and interfaces – they generally look neat and better correspond with the environment on the exchange. If you can tolerate https://forex-reviews.org/ this uncomfortable state of things, then you may find that Lexatrade is actually pretty decent when it comes to trading and dealing with users. There are also indices, stock and commodities, but you’ll have to unlock them first.

It’s not simply about getting less spreads and more monitors on the trading system. The bigger account types have faster withdrawing speed, and they increasingly get to use the help from professional analysts. Another external platform that LexaTrade offers is the xCritical system.

Interactive Brokers

Different reviews suggest Lexa is pretty safe – both from hackers and from inner fraud. However, there are several points that indicate that you still shouldn’t trust this broker completely. It should be noted that, although they confine you to the poor conditions when compared to the usual exchanges, they also rarely cheat you.

• So, unless you deposit at least 3 grand, you’re stuck with the basest of basics of trading.
• LexaTrade is a financial solutions platform developed by Swissone Group Ltd.
• So, Lexatrade is a minor Forex broker with a moderate amount of regular users.
• It requires all the necessary information including name, email, address, and telephone number.

With the absence of financial authorities, clients’ funds are exposed to intensive risk, say, for example, LexaTrade decided to shut down its business. However, they also rarely forbid the majority of their users from using other software if they feel like it. Nevertheless, it’s strictly stated that you can’t use MT4 (and it’s the only third-party piece of trading software you can use) unless you pay Lexa more.

There are certain bonuses and restrictions which you can see by scrolling further down. What you’ll see is that Lexa heavily restricts pretty much everyone below the Gold status. However, this education focus goes beyond simply providing educational material.

Lexa gives you extensive information about what you can or can’t do with different types of account, as well as a full sheet of fixed low spreads for all occasions. Fortunately, client support is still available for everyone on the platform, regardless of their status. So, if you have a question or a problem, you can contact the support and they’ll most likely help. The only thing you won’t be able to do unless you sign up for a better account type is the help from analysts.

It is equipped with powerful instruments for encompassing and holistic trading experience. Its Customer Service Automation also known as the CRM fully integrates various payment processing systems. With this, users are provided with sophisticated reports. The use of xCritical also ensures stability, from deposits up to actual trading.

Lexatrade Forex Broker: User Reviews

Included in the process is the funding, in which interested parties need to provide the means of funding, and the amount they want to deposit. Note, however, that the broker asks for different deposits according to which account clients will open. After setting this up, the information will then be subjected to verification.

LexaTrade utilizes the most popular third-party platform in the market. The MT4 is known for its optimum performance, allowing users to place trades simultaneously and conduct analyses in an efficient manner. More so, it grants access to live market prices and liquidity, all while enabling robust security and stability.

In addition to this, clients’ queries are given resolution in an untimely manner, which only adds to reasons why it has been receiving negative feedback from its clients. Lastly, it charges daunting fees including a 5% commission from clients with less than 5 transactions. Its ultimatum for those inactive clients also came as a disadvantage as it lexatrade review charges 5% every month. The withdrawing speed also suffers – Starts and Silvers will have to wait a lot longer for their transfers to process than users with other statuses. Most users will probably sign up for the Start account – the lowest-ranking one – without the second thought. However, you should really pay attention to what they offer you.

But if it’s not fraudulent now, it is still domineering, uncomfortable and fishy. This review will list a few of the major points of criticism and tell you why they may or may not be the sources of worry. They also give you all the information they can about the way your transfer will go. The support itself is also 24/7 and multilingual, which is a very nice touch, considering they are mostly very restrictive about everything.

It means that if you want to trade small (for your own reasons or if you don’t trust Lexa yet), you’ll be hard-pressed from the beginning. You’ll have to use their own trading systems and be restricted to only a handful of available products. Certainly, they don’t only differ based on the amount of money you need to trade.

This restrictive policy is extended to other things also – the better parts of the broker are reserved for the more well-off customers. While we cannot fully dismiss the possible fraudulent activities, we also have to take into account their reliability and if these claims have substantial bases. To neutralize the backlash that LexaTrade faces, attached below are two positive reviews taken from the web. There are just so many frauds amongst brokers that an honest one, albeit one with poor trading conditions, is somehow very welcome.

To do so, one must first determine the value of the initial investment in a project and the yield of that investment over time. The NPV represents the value of cash flows at a point in time in the past, present or future. This condition can be achieved by wetting the surface with a water spray, water hose, sprinkler, pounding the surface, etc. Wet the surface as much as possible and let it dry for minutes before the measurement is taken, making sure there is no running water on the surface of the concrete. Yes, it is necessary to use a rebar detector/ cover meter to localize the rebars before the test. Location of the rebar, cover depth, and size of the reinforcement are all mandatory information that need to be inputted in the iCOR software.

Macrocell corrosion of steel in concrete–implications for corrosion monitoring. Detailed corrosion evaluation of reinforced concrete structures is presented as contour maps which are accessible in real-time on the tablet. The capital-labour ratio (K/L) can measure the capital intensity of a firm. Typically, over time, firms tend to have a higher capital-labour ratio as they seek to gain productivity improvements from investment in capital and automating the production process.

Why Corrosion Rates Matter

The company is engaged in the creation of energy production solutions, produces metal structures, cranes and industrial lifting equipment, industrial conveyors and elevators. If the estimated NPV1 is close to zero, then the IRR is equal to R1. The entire equation is set up with the knowledge that at the IRR, NPV is equal https://1investing.in/ to zero. The first step is to make guesses at the possible values for R1 and R2 to determine the net present values. Most experienced financial analysts have a feel for what the guesses should be. Full BioPete Rathburn is a freelance writer, copy editor, and fact-checker with expertise in economics and personal finance.

Yet, a great deal of importance has been attached to this ratio. Perhaps, the proximate reason seems to be that it offers a convenient shorthand basis for making out the case for increasing economic aid to the LDCs. 13 , the ACOR and the ICOR may each be steady, but widely different.

Those are not limitations of our equipment but limitations of corrosion rate measurement in general. The dryer the concrete is, the higher the electrical resistivity values, the lower the corrosion rate and more positive the corrosion potential will be. Pre-wetting the concrete surface is required before the use of any corrosion measurement.

By the time we have gone through the consistency of an integrated development plan in this way, it does not help us much further to ‘sum up the whole thing’ in the form of an overall capital-output ratio. In fact, in a system of instantaneous production, or with a fixed lag, it is appropriate to take account of the capital-output ratio. When, however, output is received in a different time sequence, however, the investment problem becomes one of comparing the cost of a given input with the present value of its future output. Third, there is the drastic oversimplification involved in comparing this year’s investment to this year’s increases in output. Some additional reality can be introduced by a lagged model, in which inputs in period t lead to output in period t+1 and inputs in period t+1 yield their outputs in period t+2.

Since Investment is defined as the growth in the capital stock, the ICOR is equal to Investment divided by the growth of GDP. The simple trick is to arrange the data points in ascending order. As we already have a formula for future value amount, let us substitute the values in the compound interest formula in maths.

In most instances, depreciation is charged fairly uniformly through the life of the assets, either in a straight line or with constant percentage formula. With stability, it is sufficient to deal net output, since depreciation allowances are not needed to shift capital to other sectors. If there is a large possibility that capital will be shifted into other industries, however, as transformation occurs, then gross production is the most rele­vant concept.

For one thing, the target figures of increase in outputs of various items are not given independently of each other. Many of them are required not only for final consumption but also as intermediate goods or inputs in the production of other items. The IRR is the discount rate at which the net present value of future cash flows from an investment is equal to zero.

Difference between an Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

The incremental capital output ratio explains the relationship between the level of investment made in the economy and the consequent increase in GDP. ICOR is a metric that assesses the marginal amount of investment capital necessary for a country or other entity to generate the next unit of production. One of the explanations is that the saving rate in the country is falling and lower savings and investment rate is leading to lower growth. Economic growth in any country, among other things, is a function of the level of savings and the rate of investment. Any additional investment required to increase output is termed as incremental capital output ratio .

This is because the developed country is already operating with the highest level of technology and infrastructure whereas a developing country has room to improve. Any further improvements in a developed country would have to come from more costly research and development (R&D), whereas the developing country can implement existing technology to better its situation. The company started its activity in 1990 and today it is one of the largest corporate groups in the region. The company successfully works in the public utilities, industry and energy, trade in petroleum products and real estate development fields. “Realco” – real estate development company in Lithuania that has been operating since 2006. The company successfully implements exclusive real estate projects in the commercial, trading and residential segments.

Anderson is CPA, doctor of accounting, and an accounting and finance professor who has been working in the accounting and finance industries for more than 20 years. Her expertise covers a wide range of accounting, corporate finance, taxes, lending, and personal finance areas. The companies of the corporate group operate on three continents, in more than 10 countries.

Numbers of the ICOR corporate group

The best way to determine drug dosing is with the CKD-EPI Creatinine Equation or the MDRD Study. Both have been shown to be more accurate than the CG formula. Manufacturing and distribu­tion may have measured ICORs as low as 2, while electricity and railways may be as high as 16. The answer to the question can be provided by adding a qualifying clause, “It all depends”. Here, it depends on whether the capital structure is likely to fairly stable or whether transformations in the structure of the economy are frequent.

• The iCOR applies an electrical current between the two outer electrodes; any non-conductive layer will cause interruption in the flow of current into concrete.
• If ponding is used, make sure the excess water on the surface dries or gets removed before the test as excess running water between the surface of the concrete and the iCOR electrodes will cause errors in the measurements.
• This is so because there is a relative inefficiency of the industries which produce capital goods.
• This condition can be achieved by wetting the surface with a water spray, water hose, sprinkler, pounding the surface, etc.

For example, if the 10% additional capital is required to push the overall output by a percent, the ICOR will be 10. ICOR reflects how efficiently capital is being used to generate additional output. So a country with ICOR of 3 is better than a country with ICOR of 5. Another variant of capital output ratio is Incremental Capital Output Ratio .

He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. “Oilead” is one of the most successful companies in Lithuania among those trading petroleum products. The company manages a petroleum products terminal located in Marijampolė and exports petroleum products to other EU countries through it. „Axis Tech” is a company with 20 years of experience operating in Northern Europe in the areas of energy production and metal processing.

This is why we have a whole separate compound interest formula to help us calculate the compound interest of any given year. Here, G is economic growth, S is saving as a percentage of GDP and V is capital output ratio. For, if this happens, shortages and excess capacities will develop and this will alter the effective capital-output ratios in the sectors which have gone out of alignment with the general plan.

The capital-output ratio also varies with the prices of inputs. We will first understand the concept and what is compound interest and then move on to the compound interest formula. Now interest can be defined as the amount we calculate on the principal amount that is given to us. But in compound interest, we calculate the interest on the principal amount and the interest that has accumulated during the previous period.

Wireless NDT Corrosion

There is no standard available yet for the corrosion rate measurement based on the patented CEPRA technique. Giatec iCOR is the only product on the market that does not require the connection to the reinforcement to obtain corrosion rate. In addition to corrosion rate and resistivity, the iCOR also provides a standard half-cell measurement unit for corrosion potential measurement; the half-cell measurement is optional as it requires connection to the reinforcement.

ICORdetects corrosion potential, corrosion rate, and in-situ electrical resistivity. In 2019, the iCORwas presented the Corrosion Innovation Award by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers . The incremental capital output ratio is a frequently used tool that explains the relationship between the level icor formula of investment made in the economy and the consequent increase in GDP. It is used to measure the capital ratio that would be used for the production of some output over a certain period of time. The capital output ratio tends to increase if the capital available in a country is cheaper than the other inputs.

Why is the Cockcroft-Gault formula provided on this website?

Whereas average capital-output ratio describes the ratio of total capital to total output or income of the economy, marginal capital-output ratio is ratio of incre­ment in the stock of capital to the increment in output. This two-dimensional technique is used to rate the likelihood of a risk to occur and the impact. Rate probability and impact on a scale as 1 to 5 where 5 is the highest likelihood and impact. Then we multiply probability times the consequence to calculate our risk score. For example, we could rate risk as a probability of 4 and an impact of 5.

Cena złota może wzrosnąć o 20-30% gdy Fed obniży stopy, uważa MUFG Cena złota w czwartek rano wspina się na dwutygodniowe szczyty kontynuując zwyżkę po solidnym listopadzie. Wsparcie dla notowań metalu zapewnia osłabienie dolara po tym, gdy wystąpienie przewodniczącego amerykańskiej Rezerwy Federalnej, Jerome’a Powella, rozbudziło oczekiwania na mniejsze podwyżki stóp procentowych. Kurs euro do dolara (EUR/USD) w poniedziałek wybił do półrocznych maksimów niemal sięgając poziomu 1,06 dol.

• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/close-up-of-bar-graph-with-executives-negotiating-background-100×100.jpg
• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/digital-world-map-hologram-blue-background-100×100.jpg
• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/alinma_4-100×100.jpg

Kurs euro do dolara (EUR/USD) we wtorek przed południem utrzymuje się w okolicach 1,05 dol., choć w poniedziałek chwilowo sięgnął niemal 1,06 dol. Analitycy Societe Generale spodziewają się, że w długim terminie EUR/USD może dobić nawet do 1,30 dol. W ostatnich miesiącach warunki handlu w Europie były bardzo niekorzystne, ponieważ ceny importu energii gwałtownie wzrosły. Analitycy Barclays przewidują ruch na EUR/USD do ponad 1,10 dol.

Eurodolar umacnia się powyżej j 1,05. Rynek czeka na raport NFP

Obawy o recesję powinny utrzymać popyt na dolara Po rajdzie pozycjonowania aktywów ryzykownych w ciągu ostatnich sześciu tygodni, rynki finansowe wydają się wracać do środowiska makroekonomicznego, w którym globalne spowolnienie w 2023 r. Za baryłkę pomimo cięcia dostaw przez OPEC+, obligacje zyskują na wartości, a akcje zaczynają oddawać część imponującego rajdu od październikowych minimów. Co ważne, krzywa rentowności w USA nadal ulega głębokiemu… Euro to pierwszy wybór większości osób podróżujących lub robiących interesy w Europie. Z tego względu kurs euro (np. EUR/PLN) i jego prognozy są dla nas niezwykle ważne. Podobnie jak w przypadku innych głównych walut, notowania są uzależnione od wielu zmiennych czynników.

Kurs dolara łapie oddech po danych Nie są to dane, które chciałyby widzieć “gołębie”, bo pokazują, że rynek pracy nadal pozostaje relatywnie silny. To może być argument dla FED, aby nie wygaszać tak szybko cyklu podwyżek, co może się wiązać z wydłużeniem cyklu w 2023 r. Dzisiejsze dane NFP sprawiły, że dolar powstrzymał dalszą wyprzedaż, a inwestorzy chwilowo zwątpili w zbliżający się pivot. Rynek pracy w USA wciąż radzi sobie nadzwyczaj dobrze, a to potężny argument w rękach Fedu, aby nie kończyć jeszcze cyklu podwyżek stóp procentowych.

EUR/USD – lokalna korekta, potem możliwe dalsze wzrosty

Od 65% do 89% inwestorów traci swoje środki handlując CFD. Zespół prasowy Centralnego Biura Antykorupcyjnego poinformował, że ostatnich dniach zatrzymano kolejne osoby związane z firmą … Zobacz aktualny kurs pary Euro-Dolar i skorzystaj z wygodnego wykresu. Oprócz naszego intuicyjnego kalendarium rynkowego i skanera formacji, możesz uzyskać dostęp do wiadomości Reuters i analiz Morningstar.

Czy wiesz, że „eurodolar” jest również znany pod nazwą „Fiber”. Nazwa ta ma wiele wytłumaczeń, takich jak fakt, że papier używany do produkcji Euro jest wykonany w 100% z włókna bawełny. Depozyt zabezpieczający dla progu 1 Procent pełnej wartości transakcji, który musisz zostać zabezpieczony w celu otwarcia pozycji. Hartowane Brexit nadzieje przeciągnij europejskie zapasy na czerwono Współczynnik depozytu zabezpieczającego zależy od wielkości Twojej pozycji – w przypadku transakcji o większych wartościach, zastosowanie mogą mieć różne współczynniki. Dołącz do handlu na szybko rozwijającym się rynku walut cyfrowych. Inwestuj w Bitcoin, Dash, EOS, Ethereum i inne kryptowaluty wraz z RoboMarkets.

Pozycje Klientów CMC dla EUR/USD

To będzie kluczowa kwestia kształtująca zachowanie się notowań EURUSD w I kwartale. Kurs EUR/USD z konsolidacja ponad poziomem 1,04 Dzisiaj nieco nietypowo, bo spojrzenie na tygodniowe, nieco szersze ujęcie. Jeżeli tydzień zakończy się przy obecnych poziomach to biała świeczka zaneguje spadkowe doji z zeszłego tygodnia. Będzie to oznaczać, że w perspektywie 2-3 tygodni rynek osadzi się mocniej na wsparciach 1,0360-1,0400 i…

Wydaje się, że w chwili obecnej rynki nie potrafią na dłużej obrać jednego kierunku, co nie jest zaskakujące, biorąc pod uwagę przyszłotygodniowe decyzje banków centralnych. Rynki w wyczekiwaniu na banki centralne W najbliższych dniach prawdopodobnie nadal będziemy obserwować wysoką zmienność. Z tych samych powodów ceny ropy naftowej osiągnęły najniższe poziomy w tym roku, ponieważ rosnące ryzyko recesji przeważyło nad optymizmem dotyczącym ponownego otwarcia chińskiej gospodarki. Wczorajsze listopadowe dane dotyczące handlu posłużyły do wzmocnienia koncepcji, że podczas gdy chińskie władze będą bardziej pragmatycznie podchodzić do swojej obecnej polityki… Święto Dziękczynienia w Ameryce tradycyjnie wyznacza datę rozpoczęcia okresu przedświątecznego – dla wielu inwestorów jest to sygnał dla wychodzenia z pozycji i zaksięgowania zysków przed końcem roku.

Natomiast Elon Musk stwierdził, że opłaty, jakie Apple i Google pobierają od aplikacji w swoich sklepach, są zdecydowanie zbyt duże Apple i Google opodatkowały internet? Elon Musk i Twitter chce iść na wojnę z gigantami Od momentu przejęcia Twittera, Elon MTF Env jest użytecznym narzędziem do analizy technicznej Musk nie przestaje zaskakiwać. Tym razem wypowiedział się na temat rzekomej cenzury internetu, którą od lat mają stosować Google oraz Apple. Miliarderowi nie podoba się fakt, że za wprowadzenie aplikacji na rynek, giganci pobierają dużą część zysku…

Kurs Euro – wykres

O ile w poniedziałek doszło do wyraźnego umocnienia amerykańskiej waluty, tak wczoraj sentyment uległ zmianie i dolar osłabił się na szerokim rynku. Dziś o poranku obserwujemy kontynuację negatywnego sentymentu dla USD, który traci na ten moment około 0,2% względem euro. Równocześnie z publikacją danych PMI, przemawiał De Guindos z EBC, który powiedział, że inflacja prawdopodobnie pozostanie na wysokim poziomie w kolejnej projekcji EBC, a strefa euro może zmierzyć się z recesją w 4 kwartale 2022 i pierwszym kwartale… W efekcie notowania EURUSD wybiły się ponad barierę 1,04, co przełożyło się na cofnięcie USDPLN w okolice 4,50-4,51.

Mimo obserwowanego od kilku tygodni spadku kursu dolara amerykańskiego, analitycy rynkowi ankietowani przez agencję Reuters prognozują, że greenback powróci w nadchodzących miesiącach na ścieżkę wzrostów. Walutomat daje Ci możliwość kupna lub sprzedaży euro. Wymiany możesz dokonać używając swojego konta bankowego lub skorzystać bezpośrednio z środków nagromadzonych w Portfelu. Aktualna cena euro jest widoczna na stronie Walutomatu. Znajdziesz tam również listę ofert od użytkowników oraz historię notowań euro. Dane możesz sprawdzać nawet do 1 roku wstecz.

Koszyk dolara na ujęciu tygodniowym dzisiaj… EUR/USD to najważniejsza para walutowa świata, odpowiadająca za blisko jedną czwartą Zobowiązanie do uczenia się przez całe życie jest niezbędne dla twojego sukcesu obrotów na rynku Forex. W związku z tym płynność istniejąca na tym rynku jest największa, co ułatwia handel oraz spekulację.

Wszystko za pośrednictwem jednego rachunku inwestycyjnego. Ponadto, w LYNX możesz polegać na zaawansowanych technologicznie platformach transakcyjnych, które wyróżniają się łatwością obsługi, zaawansowaniem technologicznym. Możesz za ich pomocą handlować na wielu urządzeniach. Dostępne są dziesiątki zleceń usprawniających handel, a także dziesiątki wskaźników do profesjonalnej analizy fundamentalnej i technologicznej. Dużą zaletą LYNX jest profesjonalny, przyjazny zespół specjalistów inwestycyjnych, którzy pomagają klientom w wielu aspektach inwestowania.

Szyperska 14, operator serwisu Walutomat.pl. Pamiętaj, że w każdym momencie możesz odwołać zgodę. Twoje dane osobowe nie będą przekazywane poza granice EOG ani udostępniane organizacjom międzynarodowym. W 1992 w holenderskim Maastricht został podpisany traktat o Unii Europejskiej, w którym została uwzględniona również wspólnota walutowa, zrealizowana później przez wprowadzenie euro. Wielka Brytania, od razu zastrzegły sobie jednak prawo do nieprzyjmowania nowej waluty. Więcej informacji o tym, jak przetwarzamy Twoje dane znajdziesz tutaj.

Te banki centralne mają największy wpływ na kurs euro i kurs dolara. Dowiedz się jaki jest aktualny kurs EURUSD. Spójrz na wykres i zobacz jak kształtują się notowania tego instrumentu. Kurs euro do dolara (EUR/USD) przed kilkunastoma tygodniami wyznaczył 20-letnie minima na 0,9540 dol. Choć notowania pary od tamtego czasu wspięły się powyżej 1,03 dol., to eksperci z JP Morgan ponownego zejścia do 0,95 dol. Co więcej, nie wykluczają nawet testu 0,90 dol.

Bank promuje stabilność gospodarczą w Norwegii i zarządza również Rządowym Funduszem Emerytalnym oraz własnymi rezerwami walutowymi banku. Działalność banku reguluje ustawa z dnia 24 maja 1985 r. Odnosząca się do Norges Banku i systemu walutowego. Ustawa stanowi, że Norges Bank będzie organem wykonawczym i doradczym w zakresie polityki pieniężnej, kredytowej i walutowej.

Wyrażam zgodę na przetwarzanie moich danych osobowych w zakresie adresu mailowego na wysyłanie kodu rabatowego, zgodnie z ustawą o świadczeniu usług drogą elektroniczną. Wyrażam zgodę na otrzymywanie drogą elektroniczną na wskazany przeze mnie adres e-mail informacji dotyczących alertu walutowego. Otwory w monetach 1 oraz 5 NOK prawdopodobnie stanowią nawiązanie do tradycyjnych monet używanych w Skandynawii setki lat temu. Otwory w monetach pełniły wówczas funkcję praktyczną, ludzie nie nosili ich bowiem w portmonetkach, lecz nawlekali na rzemyki.

Przede wszystkim z myślą o przyszłych pokoleniach – kraju niezależnego i bogatego. Łódź wikingów widoczna na nowym banknocie 100 NOK to bardzo szczególny okręt. Wspomniany banknot przedstawia tak zwaną Łódź z Gokstad, która jest jednym z najważniejszym zabytków Norwegii.

Oblicz wartość wymiany

• Zaskakujący wynik posiedzenia FOMC przyczyni się do umocnienia USD• Możliwy wzrost kursu NOK po posiedzeniu Norges Bank• Zmienność CHF może wzrosnąć po zawarciu… Podczas emigracji Norges Bank do Wielkiej Brytanii powołano Radę Londyńską, która posługiwała się koroną londyńską. Norwegowie nadal mogą wymieniać w Banku Centralnym wszystkie nieużywane banknoty, które wyemitowano po 1948 roku. Monety o nominale 1 NOK i 5 NOK mają otwory, jednak powody, dlaczego tak wyglądają, nie są do końca jasne. Jednym z wytłumaczeń jest to, że ułatwia to ich rozróżnianie na przykład osobom niewidomym.

• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/close-up-of-bar-graph-with-executives-negotiating-background-100×100.jpg
• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/digital-world-map-hologram-blue-background-100×100.jpg
• https://fxtop.biz/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/alinma_4-100×100.jpg

Popularnym określeniem jest też „øre”, odnoszące się do setnej części korony, mimo że została ona wycofana z obiegu i używa się jej jedynie w obrocie bezgotówkowym. Z punktu widzenia wielu Polaków, korona norweska wydaje się mało popularną walutą. Statystyki publikowane przez Bank Rozrachunków Międzynarodowych wskazują jednak, że NOK globalnie ma większe znaczenie niż złoty. Uzależnienie Norwegii od wspomnianych dóbr, wyraźnie wpływa na notowania lokalnej waluty. Korona norweska jest walutą surowcową (podobnie jak np. dolar kanadyjski i dolar australijski). Niektóre norweskie monety mają charakterystyczny otwór umieszczony w środkowej części.

Korona została utworzona w 1875 roku jako wspólna waluta Szwecji, Danii, Norwegii w ramach Skandynawskiej Unii Monetarnej. W tym samym czasie zniesiono srebrny standard i wprowadzono pokrycie złotem i system dziesiętny. Z powodu skutków pierwszej wojny światowej doszło do upadku Unii w 1924 roku.

1 korona norweska dzieliła się na 100 ore, w 2012 roku norweskie „grosze” zostały jednak wycofane przez Norges Bank z obiegu. Wszystko przez wspominaną drożyznę i wysokie koszty produkcji monet. Za ciekawostkę można uznać to, że zasięg norweskiej korony obejmuje nie tylko kontynentalną część Norwegii, ale i terytoria od królestwa zależne. Cena korony norweskiej jest istotna też dla tych, którzy marzą o spędzeniu chociaż kilku dni urlopu w krainie fiordów. Z uwagi na duże koszty, jakie rodzi zakup jedzenia czy wynajmu mieszkania w Norwegii, to, ile kosztuje korona norweska, ma bowiem niemały wpływ na portfele turystów. Na szczęście, wzrost popularności pary NOK PLN, sprawił, że można ją wymienić łatwiej i taniej niż jeszcze kilka lat temu.

Naszym głównym celem jest Twój sukces inwestycyjny. (dalej tylko „LYNX”) przesyłała mi materiały marketingowe dotyczące usług i wydarzeń organizowanych przez firmę LYNX oraz kontaktowała się ze mną mailowo lub telefonicznie. Spółka LYNX będzie wówczas mogła na przykład udzielić ci dodatkowych informacji o swoich usługach, wydarzeniach lub poinformować cię o interesującej ofercie.

Nazwa walut każdego z tych państw nawiązuje do symbolu monarchii, czyli korony. Przystąpienie do związku wymusiło na Norwegi rezygnację z dotychczasowej waluty Speciedalera. Unia monetarna nie przetrwała i Tajemnice Forex – Jak odnieść sukces w handlu forex rozpadła się po I wojnie światowej. Na pewien czas zostało przywrócone połączenie kursu korony norweskiej ze złotem, jednak ze względu na wzrastającą inflację władze musiały zrezygnować z tego pomysłu.

Inne wiadomości

Awers nowych banknotów zdobią nadruki z morskim motywem, podczas gdy rewers stanowią wzory z pikseli, których układ został oparty na skali Beauforta używanej do określania siły wiatru. Jeżeli posiadasz korony norweskie, które zostały już wycofane z obiegu, to możesz je wymienić w skupach, które zajmują się odkupowaniem starych banknotów. Oprócz skontaktowania się z takim skupem w jego siedzibie stacjonarnej istnieje również możliwość wysłania starej gotówki przez kuriera. Część monet korony norweskiej ma charakterystyczny otwór pośrodku. W późniejszym czasie zniesiono standard złota i korona była związana z funtem brytyjskim, a później dolarem amerykańskim. W związku z zależnością Norwegii od Danii w 1736 r.

Zmieniło się to w 1914 roku i doprowadziło do porzucenia tego standardu wymienialności. Waluty główne – USD i euro – tracą na wartości wskutek kryzysu ekonomicznego. Nie brak nawet głosów za tym, że NOK jest wręcz najważniejszą walutą Europy Północnej. Pod względem popularności na międzynarodowym rynku walutowym Forex, norweska waluta w 2016 roku uplasowała się na czternastej pozycji z udziałem wynoszącym 1,7%. Notowania dolara były mieszane wobec jego odpowiedników z grupy walut G10 podczas wczesnych godzin europejskiego handlu – inwestorzy pozostają ostrożni wraz z dziesiątym… Stronę kurs-waluty.pl tworzymy dla wszystkich osób, które są zainteresowani tematyką walut, kursów walut, inwestycji a także notowań.

Kurs korony norweskiej

Wyjątkiem, który pozwala na zetknięcie się z nimi, są transakcje odbywające się bezgotówkowo. Banknoty spotykane na rynku to 50, 100, 200, 500 i 1000 koron. Kurs NBP korony norweskiej zarówno w zakresie kupna oraz sprzedaży jest aktualizowany każdego dnia i umieszczany w ramkach na górze strony. Jeśli chcesz zobaczyć wykres w danym przedziale czasowym, przejdź do strony – kursy walut wykresy. Broker internetowy do handlu akcjami działający od 2006 roku. Jako jeden z wiodących brokerów internetowych w Europie, LYNX oferuje więcej niż tylko niskie opłaty.

W 2018 weszły nowe nominały z nowej serii banknotów obiegowych NOK – 50, 100,200, 500 NOK. Na jesieni 2019 roku zostanie wprowadzony nominał 1000 NOK. Korzystanie z serwisu oznacza akceptację regulaminu. Tak duże wahania kursu są rzadkie i podany przez Ciebie kurs nie zostałby osiągnięty przez kilka miesięcy, a nawet lat. Korona norweska to oczywiście oficjalny środek płatniczy na terenie Norwegii. Warto jednak wiedzieć, że NOK posługują się również mieszkańcy terytoriów podległych temu państwu.

Z tamtego miejsca emitowano koronę i nazywaną ją tzw. Wszystkie te wydarzenia sprawiły, że Norwegom ciężko było ustabilizować swoją walutę. W późniejszym czasie próbowano wielu rozwiązań, m.in. Próbowano powiązać koronę z innymi walutami oraz wprowadzono system wahań kontrolowanych. Korona norweska obecnie znajduje się pomiędzy koroną duńską (nominalnie najdroższa), a szwedzką (nominalnie najtańsza).

Możesz za ich pomocą handlować na wielu urządzeniach. Dostępne są dziesiątki zleceń usprawniających handel, a także dziesiątki wskaźników do profesjonalnej analizy fundamentalnej i technologicznej. Dużą zaletą LYNX jest profesjonalny, przyjazny zespół specjalistów inwestycyjnych, którzy pomagają klientom w wielu aspektach inwestowania. Online Forex: Trzy Sposoby, Aby Uzyskać Zysk Z Forex Ponadto dostępne są również regularne webinary internetowe, analizy i cotygodniowe biuletyny, które pomagają być na bieżąco z wydarzeniami na rynkach światowych. W LYNX kładziemy nacisk na stworzenie kompleksowej oferty, która pozwoli początkującym inwestorom i zaawansowanym traderom osiągnąć ich cele inwestycyjne.

W oryginalnym języku, czyli norweskim korona nazywa się krone (lub kroner – w liczbie mnogiej). Najlepszym rozwiązaniem jest skorzystanie z kantoru internetowego, gdzie można dokonać wymiany walut szybko i sprawnie bez strachu o ewentualne fałszerstwo czy kradzież. Dodatkowo kantory online nie nakładają na swoich klientów wysokich spreadów. Dla porównania w bankach czy kantorach stacjonarnych są to przeważnie kwoty sięgające kilkudziesięciu groszy. Możesz mieć maksymalnie 10 alertów dla wybranej waluty. Przeglądaj najnowsze wiadomości z rynku, najciekawsze artykuły i najważniejsze ogłoszenia.

Archiwalne kursy korony norweskiej wg. NBP

Norweska rezerwa emerytalna to blisko 1,0 bln USD – jest to niemal dwukrotność całego PKB Polski. Aby uchwycić wartość korony norweskiej, warto zbadać jej siłę nabywczą w odniesieniu do pewnych dóbr konsumpcyjnych. Według popularnego indeksu „Big Mac” The Economist koszt Big Maca w Norwegii wynosi średnio 57 NOK, co stanowi 6,44 USD.

Banknot 50 NOK przedstawia latarnię morską, 100 NOK statek Gokstad na awersie i kontenerowiec wraz ze gwiazdozbiorem Oriona. Patrząc na 200 koron norweskich, zobaczymy dorsza i łódź rybacką, natomiast banknot o nominale 500 NOK ilustruje Dolar nie jest Haven to kiedyś dla handlowców EM waluty statek ratowniczy oraz platformę olejową na rewersie. Najwyższy banknot wysokości 1000 koron norweskich to wizerunek wzburzonego morza oraz horyzontu. Stare banknoty NOK ostatecznie zostały wycofane z obiegu w listopadzie 2020 roku.

Wymień Korona norweska online

Aby główna stopa gospodarcza mogła wrócić do poziomu 1% gospodarka norweska, musi ożywić inne swoje sektory, a nie bazować tylko na surowcach. Po dziś dzień badania w Norwegii wykazują, że jej mieszkańcy nie chcą większej integracji z Unią Europejską. Dziś udział gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej w wartości norweskiego eksportu wynosi aż 57%. Taka sytuacja sprawia, że waluta norweska jest mocno uzależniona od eksportu tych surowców. Kurs NOK był z kolei zależny od ECU – europejskiej jednostki monetarnej, poprzedniczki euro.

Norges Bank a polityka monetarna

Jednak był to dopiero początek dynamicznych zmian w zakresie wiązania korony norweskiej z innymi walutami lub ze złotem. I tak właśnie w kolejnych latach kurs NOK był połączony z funtem brytyjskim (1926 r.), ale już 2 lata później wrócił do złota. Korona norweska jako środek płatniczy obowiązuje na terenie Norwegii od 1875 roku.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique .— The basic concept of PERT requires concise visualization of all the individual tasks to completes a given project. These are classified as “events”, stages of completion, and “activities”, placed in sequential order, and various time estimates are prepared for each activity. The sequence in which the activities https://1investing.in/ are scheduled to be performed creates ” paths “, from the beginning to the end of the project network. The time required by the paths is determined by totaling the time for each activity along the path. The most significant results of the calculation involved with PERT are the determination of a ” critical path ” and ” slack time ” for the network.

• Third, the resources are efficient and fully employed.
• In view of all these considerations, we regard the rate of development indicated in the graph as not only the minimum that the community will have to aim at over the next few quinquenniums but as something which must be exceeded.
• In the initial stages of development, divergence in the economic and social interests of different sections of the community may create special problems.
• The above ratios, compared from year to year, provide useful information for judging the financial performance of the Railways.

In English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CA Foundation. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CA Foundation Exam by signing up for free. Further, the analysis brings out the fact that despite being labour intensive in nature, the labour productivity of manufacturing MSMEs is significantly low compared to large firms. TFP, which is an indicator of technical progress, also exhibits a sharply declining trend for manufacturing MSMEs in recent years. In addition, not only has there been a structural shift in the output composition of the MSME sector towards more capital-intensive industries, there has also been a possible replacement of labour with capital in major labour-intensive industries within MSMEs. All these facts suggest that instead of solely emphasising on the labour-intensive production process of MSMEs, policies should be designed such that the sector achieves its efficient scale of production and dynamism.

Production Possibility Curve

Indi ;n enterprise has made considerable headway, and the country has now considerable experience in the fileds of modern business, industry and finance. New economic and social relations have emerged, giving rise in turn to a general desire for more rapid change. But the development that has taken place is partial and limited when judged in terms of the country’s needs and potentialities. Industrialism and the use of modern techniques have affected only limited segments of the economy. Agriculture is still the mainstay of life for about 70 per cent of the population, and productivity in this sector is exceedingly low. The size of agricultural holdings has progressively diminished ; the old cottage and small-scale industries have been decaying, and the rural population which constitutes about 83 per cent of the total suffers from chronic underemployment and low incomes.

Capital intensive method of production refers to a business process or industry in which the proprtion of capital required is more in comparison to labour. Labour intensive technology of production refers to the technique in which more labour per unit of output is used. On the other hand capital-intensive technology uses more capital per unit of output. Production possibility curve is also known as Production Possibility Frontier or Production Possibility Boundary. It shows alternative possibilities of two goods that can be produced with the usage of the given resources and techniques of production.

What are Labour intensive jobs?

Responses of individuals or of groups of individuals and of classes cannot always be predicted in advance. Even if the conceptual relationships between different aspects of the phenomena under study are clearly understood, there is often the lack of precise statistical data on which to base an assessment of the requirements of a given situation. It follows that a considerable part of the planning authority’s task is to assess the significance of some of these indeterminate or partially known factors at work in the life of the community and to recommend policies on the best judgment available. While many labor-intensive jobs require low levels of ability or schooling, this isn’t true of all labor-intensive positions. For the underdeveloped and creating economies, labor intensive business structure could be proved to be a better choice than a capital intensive one for a fast economic growth . For the countries, which are not rich and generate low level of revenue, labor intensive trade can bring financial progress and prosperity.

• Capital Intensive Industry refers to that trade, which requires substantial amount of capital for the production of products.
• One of the most crucial problems of the economy is to decide which commodities shall be produced for which sections of society.
• It arises because people have unlimited desires but the means to satisfy that desire is limited.
• This also implies that small changes in sales can lead to huge adjustments in income and return on invested capital.
• While many labor-intensive jobs require low levels of ability or schooling, this isn’t true of all labor-intensive positions.

No, production will take place on PPC, if the resources are either underutilised or inefficiently utilised or both. In such case, production will take place on any point below the curve AB, like point H. Any point below the PP curve, thus highlights the problem of unemployment and inefficiency in the economy. Financial planning is the process of preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation’s future operations. The objective of financial planning is to ensure that enough funds are available at right time. It implies the production is taken into a ratio where percentage of capital used is much high than the use of labour.

Answers

Name any three variables of macroeconomics. Give two examples of underutilisation of resources. State two features of resources that give rise to an economic problem.

• Use, such ratios do not have the highest regard, at least not for reliability, but one ratio, return on capital, has achieved extreme and diversified recent application .
• How to produce refers to a problem in which decision regarding which technique of production should be used is made.
• Even conceptually, these, relationships are very complex.
• Doubling per capita consumption does not, for instance, mean doubling of cereal consumption.

One of the most crucial problems of the economy is to decide which commodities shall be produced for which sections of society. For instance, essential goods and services are in demand from all sections of society, but only certain sections of society have a demand for luxury commodities. At the same time, choices of goods and services rest on prevalent tastes and preferences in an economy.

Answers and Solutions

Under these conditions, the greater the responsiveness of the party in power to trends of opinion outside, the greater will be its effectiveness for action. The smooth functioning of the party system rests on an underlying agreement as to objectives, though there may be differences as to approach or to the pace of change with reference to certain problems. These differences are a necessary concomitant of democracy ; they ensure a continuous re-examination and re-adaptation of governmental policies. The rights of free expression of opinion and of reedom of organisation inhere in the very concept of government by consent.

It has to make a choice between different goods and services. How do ‘Choice of Technique’ and ‘Nature of Business’ affect the ‘Fixed Capital’ requirements of a company?

Distinguish between labour-intensive and capital-intensive technology of production.

Two advantages of capital intensive policy is that they dont have to satisfy giant payrolls, and there is a practically fixed fee of productiveness. Capital Intensive Industry refers to that trade, which requires substantial amount of capital for the production of products. Labor prices encompass the entire prices necessary to secure the human capital needed to complete work. These costs rms margin exceeds can embody funds directed towards base wages, along with any benefits that could be given. Because labor prices can be adjusted throughout market downturns via layoffs or reductions in benefits, labor-intensive industries have some flexibility in controlling their bills. Labour intensive technique promotes employment whereas capital intensive technique promotes efficiency and growth.

During the period of the present Five Year Plan, considerable progress will have been made in expanding irrigation, power, basic industries, transport and other services and these will provide, directly as well as indirectly, new avenues of employment. After the five year period, the pattern of priorities may to some extent change, but since aggregate investment will be continually stepped up, employment opportunities will expand rapidly. Through progressive increase in irrigation facilities, the scope for double-cropping will be enlarged and seasonal unemployment will diminish. Rural electrification will open up prospects for the establishment not only of large scale but also of cottage and small scale industries. As commodity production goes up, the scope for employment in services will also grow.

The graphic representation of the same will form a curve showing the different possibilities of production with the given resources and technology. Any point outside the boundary line of the production possibility curve will represent , unattainable combination of output of the two goods. The use of capital intensive technology increases per capita profit or income of production unit. Macroeconomics is the part of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole, such as national income, aggregate employment, general price level, aggregate consumption, aggregate investment, etc. Priority will no doubt go to such external investment as is available from institutions organised on an international basis.

Precisely for the reason that the development of a country is a somewhat long-term process, the institutional and other factors which affect it can be changed to the desired extent and in the desired direction through conscious effort. Moreover, a programme of development even for the short period would fail to have direction and perspective unless it is in some way linked to certain long-term targets and objectives relating to the kind of economy and social framework which it is proposed to evolve. While developmental planning, as stated above, is an all embracing process, which cannot be compartmentalised, the accent of endeavour under present conditions in India has to be on economic development.

Industrial development naturally requires more capital, but here too there are differences from country to country depending on the capital intensity of the industries concerned. Before the War, for instance, capital per occupied person in manufacturing industry was about three times as high in Canada as in Australia, while in the realtively more undeveloped countries of South Eastern Europe it was a quarter to a third less than even in Australia. As development proceeds, external economies also become more evident, and this has the effect of reducing the amount of capital required per unit of output. The capital-output ratio also depends in a given period on the extent to which installed equipment in industry and transport is utilized ; if it is used more intensively, say by multiple shift working, the output as a proportion of the capital invested would naturally tend to be greater than otherwise.